Business Studeis Market Analysis

In doing so Samsung would build a customer base, and if sales were to increase more intensive research could be carried out as to ascertain more ideas from customers for future products. Furthermore it is essential that Samsung meet their customer’s demands, this is so that the company can become more efficient, by doing so, waste can be eradicated and inadequacy also. Therefore costs can be lowered within Samsung, increasing the amount of profit that can be made, with the eradication of waste this also lowers marketing costs, as the amount of products needed to be marketed is lowered. Here it is therefore evident market analysis is essential as this allows Samsung to save money, optimising their profit margins. The success of the company in the case of meeting customer needs and becoming more efficient, relies mainly on that of market analysis which contributes to objectives in these areas being met. In addition, on the other hand market analysis is not always essential when achieving market objectives, this is clear as, in the case of Samsung their market and competitors are rapidly changing frequently, so therefore market analysis would be pointless and time would be wasted, time = money, thus meaning money would be lost on research which wouldn’t be useful in the long term for Samsung but merely the short term. This would therefore make it hard for Samsung to achieve its objectives. Samsung’s market is constantly changing and the demand for new products is constant. Not only is the market rapidly changing but competitors also – as stated, for example Samsung’s competitors mimic and undercut Samsung’s promotional offers and match their prices, thus meaning market analysis would not be the best option for them in achieving objectives, this would not allow Samsung to gain the best possible competitive advantage over competitors, but simply aid competitors in gaining the competitive advantage over themselves, the best way for Samsung to complete a market objective associated with profit would be to copy the actions of competitors and also use penetrative pricing to undercut them. Another reason why market analysis may not necessarily be the most effective way in achieving marketing objectives is that when retrieving research the retrieval of secondary research proves to be costly, although cheap it is often useless, and out of date, and in the case of Samsung’s rapidly changing market then the use of secondary data would certainly not be an option for consideration, this therefore results in Samsung basing their research solely on Primary research via that of customer feedback or questionnaires, which is the most costly of the two, however proves most effective when put into action and contributing to marketing objectives. In conclusion, in the short term I believe it is best for Samsung to use market analysis to its full potential to gain the competitive advantage needed, although costly it may pay off in the long run, however in the long run I believe that it will become costly though, as market research would need to be carried out on frequent occas ions in this case of Samsung and therefore would prove too costly for the company, and this money spent could be used elsewhere perhaps on the production of more products. Business Studeis Market Analysis In doing so Samsung would build a customer base, and if sales were to increase more intensive research could be carried out as to ascertain more ideas from customers for future products. Furthermore it is essential that Samsung meet their customer’s demands, this is so that the company can become more efficient, by doing so, waste can be eradicated and inadequacy also. Therefore costs can be lowered within Samsung, increasing the amount of profit that can be made, with the eradication of waste this also lowers marketing costs, as the amount of products needed to be marketed is lowered. Here it is therefore evident market analysis is essential as this allows Samsung to save money, optimising their profit margins. The success of the company in the case of meeting customer needs and becoming more efficient, relies mainly on that of market analysis which contributes to objectives in these areas being met. In addition, on the other hand market analysis is not always essential when achieving market objectives, this is clear as, in the case of Samsung their market and competitors are rapidly changing frequently, so therefore market analysis would be pointless and time would be wasted, time = money, thus meaning money would be lost on research which wouldn’t be useful in the long term for Samsung but merely the short term. This would therefore make it hard for Samsung to achieve its objectives. Samsung’s market is constantly changing and the demand for new products is constant. Not only is the market rapidly changing but competitors also – as stated, for example Samsung’s competitors mimic and undercut Samsung’s promotional offers and match their prices, thus meaning market analysis would not be the best option for them in achieving objectives, this would not allow Samsung to gain the best possible competitive advantage over competitors, but simply aid competitors in gaining the competitive advantage over themselves, the best way for Samsung to complete a market objective associated with profit would be to copy the actions of competitors and also use penetrative pricing to undercut them. Another reason why market analysis may not necessarily be the most effective way in achieving marketing objectives is that when retrieving research the retrieval of secondary research proves to be costly, although cheap it is often useless, and out of date, and in the case of Samsung’s rapidly changing market then the use of secondary data would certainly not be an option for consideration, this therefore results in Samsung basing their research solely on Primary research via that of customer feedback or questionnaires, which is the most costly of the two, however proves most effective when put into action and contributing to marketing objectives. In conclusion, in the short term I believe it is best for Samsung to use market analysis to its full potential to gain the competitive advantage needed, although costly it may pay off in the long run, however in the long run I believe that it will become costly though, as market research would need to be carried out on frequent occas ions in this case of Samsung and therefore would prove too costly for the company, and this money spent could be used elsewhere perhaps on the production of more products.

Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Planning - Assignment Example With this concern, this paper intends to discuss about how Starbucks managed to come to its current position with respect to record earnings in the context of a SWOT analysis. Discussion SWOT analysis is a method or a study which is usually adopted by an organization to evaluate its internal strengths along with weaknesses and external opportunities as well as threats (United States Department of Agriculture, n.d.). The following discussion has been made within the circumstance of SWOT analysis of Starbucks which would reveal about how Starbucks has managed to come to its current position with respect to record earnings. Strengths: Strength is usually considered to be the internal factor which helps an organization towards efficiently achieving its expected organizational goals. In comparison to other coffee house chains in the world, Starbucks is pretty much known to almost every one. The company is renowned to serve its customers with quality as well as standardized products which eventually made the company to earn record earnings in this present day context by a certain degree. In terms of strength, it can be viewed that the company has been listed in the 7th position as one of the finest companies to work for in the year 2008. Though it has been viewed that the number of competitors are increasing at a rapid speed, certain aspects like superior brand awareness, attractive financial position and its strategy of expanding into new business are considered to be vital strengths of the company (SlideShare Inc., 2013). Weaknesses: While most people think Starbucks coffee as a luxury good and is ready to pay any price for it, but the increasing cost in its products has been debatable amid several customers. It has been viewed that there is a constant change in the price of its coffee based products. The main weakness of Starbucks can be apparently observed as that its entire business is mainly dependent on its coffee based products. Whereas, it’s one of th e competitors named Dunkin’ Donuts is involved in performing various sorts of businesses. In addition to its increasing cost of the products, it has also been viewed that the company has also lacked in handling international relations in the past. It is worth mentioning that coffee is duly regarded as a substitute product denoting that people are willing to change their preferences, if there lay high increase in the price level of the products (Higbee, Liaw, Ting, Tjho & Ton, n.d.). Opportunities: One of the best opportunities which is helping and would help Starbucks to maintain its leading position in the coffee industry is technology. The company has been viewed to implement new technologies that not only help to enhance its overall performance but also to come to its current position with respect to record earnings through making continuous research and development (R&D). Specially mentioning, acquisition of certain renowned companies such as Seattle’s Best, XM Caf e, and Tazo Tea has also helped Starbucks to expand itself in various parts of the world resulting in strengthening its current position with regard to record earnings by a significant level. Furthermore, acquisitions of certain other companies like Bay Bread and its La Boulange bakery can also be considered as providing major opportunities for Starbucks by a certain degree. The strategy of Starbucks to

MSA 522 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MSA 522 - Essay Example According to Act Utilitarian of Jeremy Bentham, an action that results in the happiness of one and all is a good act. He said â€Å"when choosing a course of action, one should always pick the one that will maximize happiness and minimize unhappiness for the greatest number of people† (Bentham from Rosenstand p.176). The actions, which result in maximum happiness for maximum number of people, are invariable good and therefore morally and ethically right. In the contemporary times, it becomes highly difficult because of the diverse ideologies and differing value system to satisfy large populace. Indeed, it is one of the crucial compulsions of the globalization that people should strive towards common goals of universal values. Misusing public funds by the vested interests (which may be managers in the public services) not only violate various stakeholders’ trust but they also deprive the general public from the benefits of the various welfare schemes which depend on the efficient use of the funds. Hence, using the said philosophy, the managers would ensure efficient delivery of the goals and objectives of departments and

United states v. ziegler Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

United states v. ziegler - Essay Example However, his plea for suppression of his case was thrown out after it was argued that the office and an office computer does not belong to a person but it is an entity for the employer. The appellate argued that the employer pays the rent for the office and supply computer to his employee (Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Montana). Nevertheless, after Ziegler was convicted he appealed the ruling in the Ninth Circuit court. The court overturned the decision of the lower court by arguing that Ziegler right were contravened when his office machine was searched without his notice or a search warrant. The judge said that Ziegler office attracted privacy as he did not share it with other employees. The court argued â€Å"Because Ziegler had a reasonable expectation of privacy in his office, any search of that space and the items located therein must comply with the Fourth Amendment† (Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Montana). In conclusion, I do agree with the decision of the Ninth Circuit court that privacy in the office also is protected in the Fourth

The Identified Problems In Yahoos Strategy

The Identified Problems In Yahoos Strategy Strategy considered being the lionized, under the lights word of business environment. A German proverb states, What is the use of running if you are not on the right road. Well crafted! Every business needs a strategically focussed plan to achieve its vision. Above all, an efficient management of the strategy under practice, bags the maximum concentration. This report extensively discusses the need for strategies and their characteristics in various distinct business environments and their implications in organizations. Beginning with the scrupulous analysis of the Yahoo!s peanut butter manifesto, It explains about the diverse theories and different levels of strategies embroiling with the various organizational levels in the pursuit of decision-making. Competitive Advantage is a yet another concept that storms every organization, to either sustain or improve their position in the market. The relationship between strategy and competitive advantage and its influence in the process o f making it have been deeply probed. Along with that, several other factors like situational and environmental analysis techniques such as SWOT, PESTEL etc influencing strategy and the concerned multi-dimensional perspectives of them are also congruently explored. Besides that it brings out a broad understanding of the contrasting differences of strategy in accordance with the industry and also exhibits the differences in control mechanisms applied to preside over and direction of the strategy. Finally, it concludes with a detailed spectacle of the trends in business strategies. 2. Yahoo!s Peanut Butter Manifesto Yahoo! Its You the company that emerged out hardly 16 years before, have been managing to long stand with its Internet services in the competitive business world. Their growth across the world prevents even an introduction. The scenario of this analysis assumes their case of Peanut Butter Manifesto [1]. 2.1 Identified Problems: Right from their start they enjoyed the triumphant position until few giants started competing in the war (business) field. For a period now, they are experiencing a slack due to few internal reasons, Lack of a focussed vision Lack of clarity of ownership and accountability Lack of decisiveness [1]. All these are absolutely strategic issues faced by them. Either their strategy is completely affected or they never had one in the first place. The Memo written by Mr. Brad Garlinghouse [1] provides evidence of the internal problems. They are completely related to the Leadership, Accountability, and Resource Management etc. 1.2 Analytical Expository: The views about the issues faced are strategic. Strategy is an all-embracing framework to take advantage of the resources to substantiate a favourable position. On mapping the identified problems to the corporate strategy model [1], The strategic position encompasses the environment, purpose, culture and capability factors. The issues faced match with majority of these factors. The strategic position of the organization is very weak and is majorly affected by the internal problems. The organizations span of growth proves it clearly. Internet, the field that can be ranged over at any angle would still provide profits. Yahoo! has overly exploited this opportunity and stretched far widely. This eventually had reduced their concentration on their competitive advantage. The company has about 41 Branded services outnumbering any other Internet services. Further down, they have 7 Non-Branded services and a length of 22 obsolete services. This totals about 70 ventures, which shows how inordinately they have been corporately entrepreneurial to fail in sustaining their competitive advantage. This could be their main problem. They need to have a proper vision in succeeding their position and advantage over others, just like Bill Gates Trustworthy Computing back in 2002. An organic redesigning of the organization has to take place to overcome present hurdles. This anal ysis would be stretched over the entire phase of explaining strategy and its dimensional levels in the remaining sections of the report. 3. Strategic Business Planning in Global Environment: Strategic Business Planning is the process of defining an organizations strategy and determining on dispensing its resources like investments, employees etc to achieve the defined goal. This includes the complete phase of the following, Analysis Choose and Generate Strategy Implement Strategy Directing and controlling it. In the global environment, there are numerous industries under which billions of businesses operate. They exhibit a myriad nature by orientating their focus. 3.1 Need for Strategic Business Planning: Numerous businesses become obsolete or show financial crisis in short fail to survive in the market, mainly because they fail to find themselves in the future. Which means they neither have a realizable vision nor succeeding in implementation. In other words they are not prepared for the uncertainties. There have been around 134,000 firms [2] showing strong manifestation of distress. Decision Making in the global environment is so intricate for an organization to tackle it effectively for profits. This requires Strategic Business Planning and Management. It helps them realize the vision by planning, organizing, directing and controlling every step they grasp. Organizations without strategic planning would lose its address in this crowd. In the global environment, been filled with public organization, the main need of a strategic is to fulfil stakeholder expectations. Global Environment has become a place, where customers alone are not the primary focus, but attracting stakeholders has major contribution, because the resource that any organization possess is been provided by the stakeholders rather than customers. The business input model has significantly changed. This kind of a competitive atmosphere ensures that businesses should have a robust competitive advantage over their competitors thereby making strategic planning as imperative. 3.2 Characteristics of Strategic Business Planning: Characteristics of Strategic Planning are deeply rooted. In general it posses various features like providing, Direction Business intending to be, Scope Markets to compete, Refining Activities to be undertaken, Advantage Better performances, Resources skills, assets, finance, relationship, technical competence etc. Environment Predicting the uncertainties [1], Back to our case in concern (Yahoo!s Peanut Butter Manifesto) [1], had they practiced a sinewy strategic business plan, they would have had better visions, completely refined activities by narrowing down their concentration, advantageous decisions, and an healthy distribution of the resources in accordance to their spectrum. Most striking characteristics of strategic business planning to achieve the competitive advantage are 3.3 Dimensions of Strategic Planning: In the Global environment, it is becoming increasingly inflexible as the stakeholders have increased and the customers have been attracted worldwide. Here it has 6 dimensions, where Senior Managerial decisions Huge resource dispenses Affect the long term welfare of the company Highly concerned about the future Strategic Business Units will be heavily affected Consequences due to the external environment [4]. 3.4 Levels of Strategy and Organization Decision Making: Organization basically has 3 decision-making levels, on each level strategy is integrated to deliver potential to the higher hierarchy. Johnson et al., say levels as, Corporate Level Business Level and Operational Level [1]. This could be well explained with the differing views of the organizations levels and nature of the decisions, Decision-making needs to be creative. Strategy in action makes sure that relevant activities are carried out and no redundancy or resource frittering happens. The previous practice of Yahoo had many trifling services, invoking lots of redundancies. The New strategy could refine them and decide on activities that signify the target. Any decision taken is not unescorted; it triggers the resistance in the succeeding level. Thus strategy has high influence on the decision-making phase evidencing why they need to be realizable; else it would disrupt the entire organizations culture and structure. 3.5 Difficulties in Global Environment External Drivers: Global Environment poses increased difficulties for any strategic planning and management. Various external factors play a vital role. External environment of any organization could be well understood by the situational analysis techniques, where PESTLE Analysis would help us in determining them. The external factors that intricates strategy planning in global environment are mainly, Strategic Global Alliances, Collaboration and Authority of Global Marketing Trade barriers Communication International Strategy selection Government Unions Legalization Culture Highly fluctuating currency trade-offs Gap between the globalization parameters Technological Revolution Financial Markets Here they are left with only two choices Cost Leadership differentiation International strategy National amenability or limited market Regional Strategy. Further they need to consider various expanding operators, which are 4. Strategies and Competitive Advantage: Competitive advantage forms the base of the strategy. The entire strategy is generated to realize the favourable position for the organization. 4.1 Differing theories and practice: Patterns of Strategy and Planning do not always follow the rational route. Exactly, Most of the time, the vision dreamt by the organization is seldom reachable. This gives rise to 2 different theories in practice. The Intended Strategy and The Emergent Strategy. The Intended or the designed strategy is the one that manager develops, whereas emergent strategies are those that evolve in the organization [5] like the Honda effect [6]. Intended strategy does not always work, whereas the realized strategy would work for sure, but it does not give a chance to every organization. The intended strategy is been designed for the company by a strong leadership capability. Intended or planned strategies have chances of failure, because we might delusively predict or anticipate the future, which could happen otherwise. Secondly, once when implemented, it will be hard to disengage ourselves. Finally, it could lead to improper definition of the structure of the future. 4.2 Best Route Does Singularity Exists? The strategies need not be always designed; it can develop in queer ways. Mintzberg says that strategies are either plan for the future (intended) or patterns of the past (emergent) [7], it is the responsibility of the organization to wisely choose which suits them the best. On evaluating both the process, it seems that intended strategy and emergent strategy both have their own limitations. Mintzberg suggests that learning [7] would be the best way, but global environment does not give enough time, which again contradicts. Hence the best route to develop strategy could be by developing a synergy between the two processes. The resource allocation is the root concern on both processes, therefore on evaluating the factors affecting resource allocation like organizational context and structural context, the synergy could be brought thereby leading to designed emergence to suit comfortably to achieve competitive advantage. 5. Different Strategies Different Dominance: There is no defined strategy; it needs to be changed as we change. As Marshall Goldsmith states, What got you here, will not take you there [8]. Strategy got the same rules. 5.1 Necessity of Different Strategy Views: Strategies are flexible and depend on the state of the market. Similar to products, competitive advantages behave as well, with emerging, maturing and declining. Strategy is structured and chose using various techniques called strategy formulation techniques. They are, porters 5 forces model, porters generic strategies etc., choosing between the three main porters strategies segmentation, cost leadership and differentiation. Here cost leadership and differentiation suit well for emerging competitive advantage. The BCG matrix and the ansoffs matrix help as well. Whereas the mature competitive advantage requires a sustaining strategy, like fortress defense, flanker brands or niche strategy to maximize the flow of profits to the remaining life, maintain and protect the business market. This involves customer loyalty retention as well. Market penetration could be a wise example. Cost leadership, differentiation and service quality model would be very source of sustainable competitive advantage. Thirdly on considering the declining competitive advantage, strategies like Harvesting, Maintenance, profitable survivor or niche could support the remaining life. The selection of strategy depends on the condition of the market share. 6. Strategy Various Scenarios of Action This section attempts to bring the contrasting features of the perceived competitive advantage and strategy deployment among profit based and non-profit based organization. 6.1 Contrasting Perspectives of Competitive Advantage: The basic differences between the two different types of organizations are The Organizational Purpose Profit Motive Assets The results of the Strategic Planning are orientated to the above-mentioned 3 categories. Difference between Non Profit and SME: Table S.No Non Profit SME Primary motive is serve common good Primary motive is to earn profit. Strategies focused on sticking with the mission definitely Depends on the external and Internal environments Intended strategy works most of the time Strategy is often realized. Concentration towards board development, fundraising and volunteer management Concentration towards profit, customers, stakeholders and brand. Treats employees the same Employees get more focus by salary or promotion Time is less significant in monitoring the strategic plan as long as we stick with the service. Time is the dominant factor, and if anything is not achievable, the vision could be modified to accept the realizing strategy. Priorities not changed to achieve goals. Priorities can be changed if needed. Frequency of monitoring is less Frequency of monitoring is high Control over employees performance is low Control over employees performance is high. Strict adherence to the strategy, since it was built upon the missionary values Strategy adherence is libertarian Highly accountable to the board comparatively Not so high Highly motivated by community service Highly motivated by profits Tends to serve who could not afford Serves only to those who afford. Concentrates on services offered Concentrates on organizational growth Goals are often vague Goals are highly defined. 6.2 Customary and Current trends: The term strategy has evolved over a long period of time. Strategic Business planning has changed the way the world looked at business evidently. In the mid of 1950s, budgetary was the theme of business, whereas now strategic innovation is the theme of business. Multinational companies, conglomerates, efficient business model, and virtual integration etc has changed business was once. The history of strategic business planning is phenomenal. Early 21st century, the stock value depended only on the profits, then people started excessive short-term earnings and managed stock valuations through reported earnings. This had led to the evolution of complicated and hard to achieve sources of competitive advantage. This encouraged the quest for the new model of the corporation [9]. This further led to the massive redesigning of the organization with capability-based, process based, and project based structures. New leader jumped into the field of business and drifted it away from the traditi onal methods save for profit earning objective. Table 1950s 60s 70s 70s 80s 80s 90s 2000s Theme Budgetary, Planning Control Corporate Planning Positioning Competitive Advantage Strategic Innovation Organizational Implications Coordination and Control Planning divisions Diversification, Strategies, Matrix Restructuring, Outsourcing Networks, Virtual Organization 7. Conclusion: The detailed view Strategic Business Planning and Management had been explored, including the theories under practice. The case of Yahoo! appeared to be quite interesting as such a multinational organization spanning over 70 businesses did not have a proper vision to align themselves at their services. There are numerous competitors with strong vision and robust plans have entered the market, for them to take redesign their organization and its culture. The need for strategic planning in the global environment is mandatory. Though there happens to be various difficulties it would be a hindering for the future as the business world has always accepted changes. This report critically analyzed the strategic planning differences for profit and non-profit organizations and the primary motives of control. Maree Conway says that the value of futures approach in Strategic Planning. It actually positions the organization in the time ahead of it by dynamically and rationally providing an appro ach to exploit the resources and opportunities, along with the warning signals of the uncertainties. And recent researches say the strategic planning would give way to process over product conceptualization, which might bring a radical change in the businesses are now.

Insurance for White Masculinity: Methods of Control to Ensure a Dominan

Insurance for White Masculinity: Methods of Control to Ensure a Dominant Race The nineteenth-century saw great changes within America and from these changes an ideology was created in an effort of understanding and unification among white men. Changes were occurring so rapidly that they could not be digested and readily accepted, therefore opposition to these rose very significantly. The nineteenth century saw for a great number of political changes as the black race began to collect rights, the arrival of immigrants on an unprecedented scale, the colonization of the remaining world, and the change of women’s roles. White women started to become more educated and moved out of the house and into workplace disrupting the domestic order that was essential to keeping men’s lives stable as Tocqueville claims that the â€Å"regularity of [women’s] affection was the safeguard of American men’s lives† and without this regularity a hysteria and insanity developed. (Barker-Benfield 47) White women were immediately labeled as threat to the lineage of white men because the civilized woman began to be considered a â€Å"Race of Hysteria.† (Briggs 1) Women were considered hysterical as it was believed that as a civilization became more civilized it became a â€Å"breeding place for insanity† and these ideals were pushed upon women because their roles in society were significantly changing and men were not apt to accept these changes readily. (Barker 52) White Masculinity was developed out of the idea of making sure that white women would not become a â€Å"racial threat† to white men’s lineage; white women were supposedly becoming civilized and hysterical at the same time and then began to significantly lose in population because of these problems to the other... ...aura. â€Å"The Race of Hysteria: ‘Overcivilization’ and the ‘Savage’ Women in Late Nineteenth-Century Obstetrics and Gynecology.† American Quarterly 52.2 (2000). . - Evans, Dylan â€Å"An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis†. - Goodis, David. The Moon in the Gutter. Great Britain: Serpent’s Tail, 1983. - Lansbury, Coral. â€Å"Gynecology, Pornography, and the Antivivisection Movement.† Rutgers University, (Spring 1985): 23 pars. - Nelson, Dana D.. National Manhood. London: Duke UP, 1998. - Rabate, Jean-Michel. The Cambridge Companion to Lacan. Cambridge UP, 2003. - Salinger, J.D.. The Catcher in the Rye. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1945. - Thompson, Jim. The Nothing Man. New York: Vintage Crime, 1954. Insurance for White Masculinity: Methods of Control to Ensure a Dominan Insurance for White Masculinity: Methods of Control to Ensure a Dominant Race The nineteenth-century saw great changes within America and from these changes an ideology was created in an effort of understanding and unification among white men. Changes were occurring so rapidly that they could not be digested and readily accepted, therefore opposition to these rose very significantly. The nineteenth century saw for a great number of political changes as the black race began to collect rights, the arrival of immigrants on an unprecedented scale, the colonization of the remaining world, and the change of women’s roles. White women started to become more educated and moved out of the house and into workplace disrupting the domestic order that was essential to keeping men’s lives stable as Tocqueville claims that the â€Å"regularity of [women’s] affection was the safeguard of American men’s lives† and without this regularity a hysteria and insanity developed. (Barker-Benfield 47) White women were immediately labeled as threat to the lineage of white men because the civilized woman began to be considered a â€Å"Race of Hysteria.† (Briggs 1) Women were considered hysterical as it was believed that as a civilization became more civilized it became a â€Å"breeding place for insanity† and these ideals were pushed upon women because their roles in society were significantly changing and men were not apt to accept these changes readily. (Barker 52) White Masculinity was developed out of the idea of making sure that white women would not become a â€Å"racial threat† to white men’s lineage; white women were supposedly becoming civilized and hysterical at the same time and then began to significantly lose in population because of these problems to the other... ...aura. â€Å"The Race of Hysteria: ‘Overcivilization’ and the ‘Savage’ Women in Late Nineteenth-Century Obstetrics and Gynecology.† American Quarterly 52.2 (2000). . - Evans, Dylan â€Å"An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis†. - Goodis, David. The Moon in the Gutter. Great Britain: Serpent’s Tail, 1983. - Lansbury, Coral. â€Å"Gynecology, Pornography, and the Antivivisection Movement.† Rutgers University, (Spring 1985): 23 pars. - Nelson, Dana D.. National Manhood. London: Duke UP, 1998. - Rabate, Jean-Michel. The Cambridge Companion to Lacan. Cambridge UP, 2003. - Salinger, J.D.. The Catcher in the Rye. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1945. - Thompson, Jim. The Nothing Man. New York: Vintage Crime, 1954.

History of West African dance, different type of dance and the drum Essay

West African dance reached the Americas during the slave trade. Slaves were often prohibited from dancing, but African-based movements found their way into European dance styles, quickly evolving into popular American dances. The influence of African dance can be seen in early American dances, such as the Ring Shout and the Cakewalk, and later dances such as the Jitterbug, and the Charleston. The influence is still visible in more contemporary styles of dance including hip-hop and jazz. West Africa is made up of 16 different countries containing multiple tribes and cultures, each with a different set of dance. Many dances are only known within the particular tribe they come from, but most share, the common element of drumming as the dancing music. Dancing in West Africa is a form of social interaction, where the whole tribe comes together. Different dances are also performed on different occasions, such as initiations, funerals and marriages. Adzogbo is an ancient ritual war dance originating in Benin. Dancers usually wear red and black when performing the Adzogbo dance. The Adzogbu is a dance of the Ewe people of Ghana and incorporates movements used in battle (throwing a spear, for example) into the dance. As with most West African dances, the Adzogbu is normally performed by a circle of dancers, and this particular dance has a very complex drum rhythm.†¨According to the California Institute of the Arts, Bawa is a traditional harvest dance of the Dagarthi people from Lobi, northern Ghana. The dance is performed as a ritual thanksgiving to the gods and ancestors, but also as an appeal for the success of next year’s crops. The Bawa incorporates many of the movements often seen in fieldwork, such as threshing and planting, in a stylized manner. The Bawa dance is performed by members of the community of all ages and sexes. The Mouwa dance is performed by the Minianka, Senufo and Bambara people of Mali. According to Kentucky Educational Television, the Mouwa is performed by those villagers whose are responsible for weeding the fields. The dance is a form of motivation that anyone initiates when the pace of work has slowed. It is also performed before beginning work, and during weeding the dance’s song is usually sung to help the work go faster.†¨The Gomba is a funeral dance of the Bambara people of Mali. The dance is taught over a period of seven years to members of the tribe, and the teaching is done in secrecy in the forest. The Gomba is not a dance performed in frivolity; rather it is undertaken in the utmost solemnity, to mark the seriousness of the occasion.†¨ Drums, played with hands and sticks, are a vital component of West African dance. The drum is the â€Å"language† that the dancer interprets. The drum patterns signify a dancer when to start or stop a certain move, and what moves to use. The dancer also challenges and directs the drummer through his or her moves. The drummer translates the dancers moves into rhythms. The drummer and dancer are interconnected. The largest of the three drums is dundumba, which has the deepest voice and typically plays phrases that accentuate the rhythm’s foundation and interact melodically with the sangban. The sangban, is the middle-size drum, is tuned to mid-frequency that matches the tone of the djembe, and often plays a lead role in creating the core identity of the rhythm, with specific calls and variations that communicate to the dancers. The smallest of the family is kenkeni, which has the highest voice best suited to keep the pulse, or downbeat, of the rhythm. Each distinct part played by dundumba, sangan, or kenkeni typically has a bell pattern related to the drum pattern.